Terms used in relation to permanent magnets (Part 1)

Term	Code	Unit	Explanation
Neodymium Magnet	Nd-Fe-B		Neodymium magnet is one of the rare-earth Permanent Magnet. Neodymium magnets are the strongest permanent magnets that are mainly comprised of neodymium (Nd), which is a rare earth element, iron (Fe) and boron (B), and they have an anisotropic property. Neodymium magnets need to be rustproofed, as they tend to rust. Dysprosium-free neodymium magnets have also been available commercially in recent years.
Samarium-cobalt magnet	Sm-Co		Samarium-cobalt magnets are one of the rare-earth permanent magnets. Samarium-cobalt magnets are permanent magnets containing intermetallic compounds of samarium (Sm) with cobalt (Co), and have an anisotropic property. Samarium-cobalt magnets do not need to be rustproofed in normal use, as they are difficult to rust. Samarium-cobalt magnets have excellent temperature characteristics.
Ferrite magnet	BaO-6Fe2O3 SrO-6Fe2O3		Ferrite magnets are highly versatile and the most widely used magnets. Ferrite Permanent Magnets are mainly comprised of iron oxides, and have the advantage of being inexpensive, stable magnetic properties, and do not corrode. Barium (Ba) ferrite magnets are isotropic, while strontium (Sr) magnets are anisotropic.
Sintered magnet			Sintered magnets are made of powdered magnetic material shaped into magnets with a die and sintered at high temperature. Sintered magnets include ferrite magnets, samarium-cobalt magnets, neodymium magnets, and so on. Sintered magnets are suitable for forming standard shapes, such as circular, cylindrical and rectangular parallelepiped magnets.
Bonded magnet			Bonded magnets are magnets which are made by mixing magnetic powder with rubber and plastic and forming them into a magnet with a die or by extrusion. Bonded magnets are suitable for forming complex shapes. However, the magnetic force of bonded magnets is less than that of sintered magnets, because bonded magnets have less magnetic substance per volume.
Isotropy			Isotropy refers to a magnetic property with no particular direction. If magnetic powder is mixed with a base material and formed into bonded magnets etc., the easy magnetisation axis (the direction in which the crystalline structure of a magnetic material is easily magnetised) becomes misaligned. Such magnets are called "Isotropic magnets". Isotropic magnets can magnetise equally in any direction.
Anisotropy			Anisotropy refers to having a different magnetic property in a certain direction. Magnets formed from magnetic powder whose easy magnetisation axis is aligned in a certain direction are called "Anisotropic magnets". Anisotropic magnets become strongly magnetised by the process of magnetisation in the direction of the easy magnetisation axis. The easy magnetization axes are principally aligned by in-field forming method, and can be also lined up by applying mechanical pressure.
Orientation			"Orientation" is a technical term used in the manufacture of magnets. If magnetic powder is formed into magnets by compression in a magnetic field generator, the easy magnetisation axis of the crystalline structure will align in the same direction as the direction of the magnetic field formed by the magnetic field generator. Aligning the direction of the easy magnetization axes of crystalline structures in the direction of a magnetic field is called "magnetic field orientation", and the method for forming a magnetic field is called "magnetic field forming" or "in-field forming". Magnets generated by the above process are sintered to become anisotropic magnets.
Magnetic field	H	A/m (Oe)	A magnetic field is a vector field located around a magnet and current. A unit representing magnetic field strength (H) is "Ampere per meter [A/m]" in the SI system, and "Oersted [Oe]" in the CGS system.
Magnetisation			"Magnetisation" means that a substance becomes magnetised by the effect of a magnetic field or magnet. Magnetisation also refers to magnetising a magnetic material.
Demagnetisation			Removal of magnetism from a magnetised material is called "demagnetisation". Demagnetisation is based upon the principle that magnetism is reduced by applying an alternating magnetic field to a magnetised material, which causes the alternating magnetic field to decrease gradually.

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